Links for other e-portfolios or blogs

This is the link for my Language Arts e-portfolio:
https://sites.google.com/site/cindysawesomeeportfolio/home

This is the link for my old ICT blog:
http://hypercindy.wordpress.com/

Reading Notes: Intro to Astronomy

Read and understand pps 552-570 and take brief notes on your e-portfolio to show me your understanding.


*Section 1* Astronomy: The Original Science

• Astronomy: Study of the universe

• Year: Time required for the Earth to orbit once around the sun

• Month: Roughly the amount of time required for he moon to orbit once around the Earth (from moon)

• Day: Time required for the Earth to rotate once on its axis

140 CE: Ptolemy (Greek astronomer) wrote a book about the histories and theories from the ancient astronomers and called it "Ptolemic Theory"
In 1543, Corpenicus (Polish astronomer) came up with a new theory that revolutionize astronomy.

• Telescope: an instrument that gathers electromagnetic radiation from objects in space and concentrates it for better observation.

• Refracting telescope: a telescope that uses a set of lenses to gather and focus light from distant objects

• Reflecting telescope: a telescope that uses a curved mirror to gather and focus from distant objects

• Electromagnetic Spectrum: all of the frequencies of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation

• Constellations: a region of the sky that contains a recognizable star pattern and that is used to describe the location of objects in space

• Zenith: the point in the sky directly above an observer on Earth

• Altitude: the angle between an object in the sky and the horizon

• Horizon: the line where the sky and the Earth appear to meet

• Light-year: the distance that light travels one year; about 9.46 trillion kilometers

Early astronomers helped people understand their place in the universe
They only had their senses to believe in and the oral theories from the other astronomers
As expected, most of the early astronomers thought that the universe consisted of the sun, the moon, and the planets.
They thought that stars were at the edge of the universe
Claudius Ptolemy and Nicolaus Copernicus were the early scientists who helped define the structure of the universe

Ptolemy's theory was that the Earth was the center of the Earth
This theory was indeed wrong, but was the best and the most persuasive theory back then
This theory was famous for 1,500 years all over Europe

His theory said that the sun is at the center of the universe and all of the other planets orbited the sun.
This theory was the truth but wasn't persuasive and strong enough to replace the Ptolemaic theory for quite a time.
When this theory was finally accepted, the "Copernican revolution" took place.

In the late 1500s Tycho Brahe (Danish astronomer) used several large tools and made the most astronomical observations that had been recorded so far.
Brahe believed in the theory that said the sun and the moon revolved around the Earth and that the other planets revolved around the sun
Even though this theory was not correct, Brahe recorded very precise observations of the planets and starts that helped future astronomers.

Johannes Kepler (Brahe's assistant) continued Brahe's work when Brahe died
He did not agree with Brahe's theory but found his data quite useful.
In 1609 Kepler announced that all of the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits and that the sun is not in the exact center of the orbits.
He also stated three laws of planetary motion, which are still used today

In 1609, Galileo Galilei became one of the first people to use a telescope to observe objects in space.
He soon discovered the craters and mountains on the Earth's moon, four of Jupiter's moons, sunspots on the sun, and the phases of Venus
This discovery proved to the people that the planets are not "wandering stars", but are physical bodies, just like Earth.

In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton showed that all the objects in the universe attract each other through gravitational force
The law explained why all of the planets orbit the most massive object in the solar system (the sun).
Newton helped explain the observations of the scientists who cane before him, ultimately.

Before the 1920s, many astronomers thought that our galaxy, the Milky Way, included every object in space.
In 1924, Edwin  Hubble proved that other galaxies existed beyond the edge of the Milky Way.
This led to the conclusion that the universe ids much more bigger than our galaxy

*Section 2* Telescopes

Optical telescopes are the most common type of telescope that are usually used to study visible light from objects in the universe.

Without an optical telescope, you can see at about 3,000 stars in the night sky.

However, when you use a optical telescope, you can see millions of stars and other objects that were not visible to naked eyes.

A focal point is the point where the rays of light that pass through a lens or that reflect from a mirror converge.

Objective lens (one lens) collects light and forms an image at the back of the telescope.

The bigger the objective lens is, the more light the telescope can gather.

The largest reflecting telescopes are the Keck Telescopes in Hawaii which are twin telescopes that each have 36 hexagonal mirrors that work together.

Linking several mirrors allows more light to be collected and focused in one spot.

The light gathered by telescopes on the Earth is affected by the atmosphere. 

The Earth's atmosphere causes starlight to shimmer and blur due to the motion of the air above the telescope.

Electromagnetic spectrum consists thermal light, radio waves, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X rays, and gamma rays.

Nonoptical Telescopes detect radiation that cannot be seen by the human eye.

Astronomers study the entire electromagnetic spectrum because each type of radiation reveals different clues about an object.

*Section 3* Mapping the Stars

When people in ancient cultures connected stars in patterns, they named sections of the sky based on the patterns.

Constellations help organize the sky and make the astronomers easier to find their way.

Connection between Global Warming and Greenhouse Effect Poster

Earth Hour 2013

Just by turning off electricity for 1 hour, it helps our earth a lot. Our individual actions add up to a great change. This "Earth Hour" also remind people about how serious the situation is and that the earth is dying, and will die soon if we don't act fast enough. In Uganda, the people are challenged to fill 2,700 hectares of land with 500,000 trees is order to replace the 6000 hectares of deforestation. Many people and community service groups have accepted the challenge. In Russia, a law was written to protect the country's seas from oil pollution in the winter. 120,000 Russians presented the I Will If You Will campaign during the Earth Hour 2012. In Botswana, a lot of environmental groups have recently launched a project "One Million Trees-Plant For Life", along with the I Will If You Will campaign. I Will If You Will campaign attracted 4,000,000 people to participate on the campaign and received more than 200,000 commitments from people all around the globe. This is exactly what we need right now- we, as people living on this planet, have the responsibility to restore the Earth's health by working together as a group. We have to be committed into this situation. Otherwise, there won't be any "us" or "I"s left, and finally, there won't be "human" left.

Earth Hour Poster

Reading Notes (pgs. 374 - 387)

Section 1: Earth's Oceans

• 71% of the Earth's surface is covered in ocean
• global ocean= divided by the continents into four main oceans
• Largest ocean is the Pacific ocean (Asia - the Americas)
• Second largest ocean is the Atlantic ocean (half the volume of the Pacific)
• Third largest ocean is the Indian Ocean
• Smallest ocean is the Arctic Ocean (much of its surface is covered with ice so it is not fully explored)
• About 245 million years ago the continents were connected as one and was called "Pangaea" and the oceans were one giant body of water called Panthalassa
• About 180 million years ago Pangaea slowly started breaking apart and the North Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean began to form
• About 65 million years ago the South Atlantic Ocean was much smaller than it is today
• Today, 2013, the continents continue  to move at a rate of 1 to 10 cm per year and the Pacific Ocean is getting smaller and smaller. On the other hand, the other oceans are taking its place and growing.
• The volcanic explosions 4.5 billion years ago created volcanic gases which formed Earth's atmosphere. Earth started cooling and 4 billion years ago water started to condense. This condensation created rain and the rain filled the deeper levels of Earth's surface and oceans began to form
• Ocean water is not safe to drink
• Ocean water is salty because of sodium chloride that dissolved when rivers and streams flowed to the ocean and carried small minerals.
• Salinity= A measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of liquid
• Salinity is usually measured as grams of dissolved solids per kilogram of water.
• Climate affects salinity
• hotter drier climates typically has a lower salinity
• heat increases the evaporation rate and evaporation removes water but leaves salts and other dissolved solids behind.
• Water movement affects salinity
• open ocean and slower-moving areas of water develop higher salinity
• temperature of ocean water decreases as depth increases slowly
• water cycle= continuous movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean
• Condensation= gas to liquid
• Evaporation= liquid to gas
• Precipitation= falling back to Earth's surface

Section 2: The Ocean Floor

• Sonar: SOund Navigation And Ranging
• based on echo-ranging behavior of bats
• send sound pulses from a ship down into the ocean
• sound moves through the water, bounces off the ocean floor, and returns to the ship
• longer time for the sound to return if the ocean is deeper
• about 1,500 m/s
• Oceanography via Satellite
• 1978 scientists launched the satellite "Seasat" which is focused on the ocean sending images back to Earth that allowed scientists to measure the direction and speed of ocean current
• Studying the Ocean with "Geosat"
• top-military satellite
• measure slight changes in the height of the ocean's surface
• maps are made
• world's largest mountain chain (64,000 km 40,000 mi and canyons deeper than the Great Canyon) is underwater
• continental shelf= the gently sloping section of the continental margin located between the shoreline and the continental slope
• continental slope= the steeply inclined section of the continental margin located between the continental slope and the abyssal plain
• continental rise= the gently sloping section of the continental margin located between the continental slope and the abyssal plain
• abyssal plain= a large, flat, almost level area of the deep-ocean basin
• mid-ocean ridge= a long, undersea mountain chain that forms along the floor of the major oceans
• rift valley= a long, narrow valley that forms as tectonic plates separate
• seamount= a submerged mountain on the ocean floor that is at least 1,000 m high and that has a volcanic origin
• ocean trench= a steep, long depression in the deep-sea floor that runs parallel to a chain of volcanic islands or a continental margin
• Piloted Vessels: Alvin and Deep Flight
• Alvin is 7 m long and can reach some of the deepest parts of the ocean
• Deep Flight is another modern vessel that scientists use to explore the deep ocean
• Transports pilots to the deepest parts of the ocean, which are more than 11,000 m deep
• Robotic Vessels: JASON II and Medea
• these robots are designed to withstand pressures much greater than those found in the surface and is used to explore above sea floor
• Jason II is "flown" by a pilot at the surface and is used to explore the ocean floor
• Medea is attached to Jason II with a tether and explores above the sea floor.

Diving into the ocean

Harbor Seals

Habitat: Coast of UK and Europe
Breed: Feb - Nov
Migration: Mostly New England and Canada
Food: Shell fish, etc.

Gray Whales

Habitat: Alaska
Breed: 13.5 months breed
Migration: South to Mexico to go through the winter (longest migration animal)
Food: Antipodes
Blood: Warm

Northern Fur Seal

Habitat: Robin island commander island etc
Speed of swimming: 2.5 meters per second
Food: Krill

Californian Sea Lions

Habitat: Southern California
Breed: sandy beaches 10 miles away from the ocean
Migration: May - June
Rare milk
Diving time: 15 mins max

Northern Elephant Seals (Mirounga Augustirostris)

Habitat: Eastern Pacific Ocean
Breed: Near America, Mexico, and Oregon
Weight: 1500 - 2300 kg male, 400 - 900 kg female
Height: 4 - 5 m male, 2.5 - 3.6 m female
Speed of swimming:  0.91-1.66 m/sec
Carnivores
Biggest seal in the world!!

Cindy and Anshuman's water cycle song

We Wish you a Merry Water Cycle

Eva-po-ra-tion

Con-den-sa-tion

Per-cipi-ta-tion

And the Water cycle

Good tidings to you, for you & your clouds

Good tidings for percipitation & the water cycle

[repeat chorus]

Good tidings to you, for you & your water

Evaporation & Condensation& have a safe flight!

[repeat chorus]

Thank you!!!! :)

By Cindy and Anshuman G7Y

Water Pollution E- Portfolio Entry

Assignment:
Use your textbook and internet as references, learn about different types of water pollution. Then, make a "water pollution entry" for your e-portfolio. The entry needs to include:

1. Basic information/ description of the type of water pollution (at least 4 different types of water pollution)
2. Real picture(s) of the kind of water pollution
3. Real-life example (a real place that has the kind of water pollution. Be specific! Location/ Name)

1. Water pollution is basically the pollution of the water in rivers and lakes. Water pollution occurs when pollutants, or the materials that pollute water (oil, plastic bags, chemicals, etc.), are directly or indirectly disposed in the bodies of water without proper treatment and permission. The types of water pollution are surface water pollution, oxygen depleting, groundwater pollution, chemical pollution, suspended matter, microbiological, and nutrients. The main water pollution are chemical, surface water, ground water, and suspended matter. 

Chemical pollution: Chemical pollution may cause many bad things. First of all, it causes many marine creature's deaths. Chemical pollution usually comes from the factories. Factories pour used chemicals down the river by sewers. Chemicals are acidic (usually) and they make the river turn in bad condition. So the chemical pollutions make the water turn toxic.I think chemical pollution is the worst. This is because it causes direct effect against the fishes and other creatures that live inside the river.

Surface Water pollution: This pollution is when the surface water is dirty. Surface waters are usually seas, ocean, rivers, etc. Surface water pollution's sources are usually groundwater or rain water. The sources of this surface water pollution is usually acidic. They occur when toxic substances dissolve inside the bodies of waters. They effect humans because if they have physical or direct contact to the water it may harm us.If the toxic substances have too much contact it may be deadly.

Groundwater pollution: This is one of the usual groundwater pollution. They are usually common and they are pretty much everywhere. This pollution occurs when the water underground becomes dirty. The dirty water enters the river and causes groundwater pollution. However, groundwater is fatal to our modern day life. So if the groundwater gets polluted, it might cause a great catastrophe on Earth. Most of the scientists and people say that the pollutants and the cause are same or similar as the surface water pollution. I saw this pollution is a river in Korea.

Suspended Matter pollution: This is also one of the bad type of pollution. This pollution happens when the molecules or the objects are too big to dissolve in the water. This can be a great problem because the substances float on the water. Because of this, the physical contacts may cause many things that may cause many bad things to humans. Many undissolved materials float on the rivers in Thailand.

2.                                                         Chemical Pollution

Surface Water pollution

Groundwater pollution

Suspended matter pollution

3.

• Cuyahoga River – Ohio, U.S.A.
• This river is also known as "the river on fire"
• This river was so polluted with oil that the river caught fire

• Lake Karachay – Russia
• This river was polluted because of the nuclear wastes
•  The radioactive dust from the lake is causing illness
• Engineers are trying to prevent this by adding stones and concrete into the lake which prevents the radioactive dusts to fly near the citizens

• Matanza-Riachuelo River – Buenos Aires, Argetina
• This river is so polluted by the plastic bottles and the plastic bags
• The river is also called "Slaughtered Creek" because 3.5 million people live in this particular contaminated basin.

• Citarum River – West Java, Indonesia
• This river is so polluted that the contact with the water and human skin will cause disease and illness
• The pollutants are also platic bottles, plastic bads, chemicals, etc.

• Buriganga River – Dhaka, Bangladesh
• This river is polluted by the sewers and medical wastes
• Bangladesh governments are trying their best to decontaminate the algae from the water

• Ganges River – Allahabad, India
• This river is known for the most holiest river in the whole world
• However, the Allahabad government realized that the pollution in the water may cause illness to the people that come to wash their sins away.

• Yellow River – Lanzhou, China
• The supposedly "Yellow" river is "Red" right now because of some unknown pollutant from the sewers.
• The "Red" river's pollutant is known to be very harmful to humans when directly contacted

• Yamuna River – New Delhi, India
•  As you can see in the picture, this river's pollutant is foam
• The whole river is contaminated with dangerous acidic chemicals and washing powder that cane out from the sewers

• Chaohu Lake – Anhui Province, China
• This river is an algae-filled river
• This river's pollutant cause is known to be the overpopulation of China and its citizens

• Jordan River – Israel
• This river is known to be the place of baptism of Jesus Christ.
• Gidon Bromberg, the EcoPeace/ Friends of the Middle East, says that the Jordan River is suffering from the diversion of 98 percent of its fresh water to Israel, Syria, and Jordan and from the massive amounts of untreated sewage and agricultural runoff discharged into the water.

Citations:
       "11 Most Polluted Rivers in the World." News, Lifestyle, and Social Action on TakePart. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.

       "Water Pollution." Water Pollution. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.

       "Water Pollution." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Feb. 2013. Web. 21 Feb. 2013.